2019 Hunger Report Endnotes

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Chapter 1: Livelihoods

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    1. Relief Web (July 2, 2017), “Agriculture ministers urged to address African youth unemployment.”
    2. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Disability Fact Sheet.
    3. Alice Albright (April 15, 2014), “Disabled People in Developing Countries Are the Poorest of the Poor,” Global Partnership for Education.
    4. International Labor Organization (2017), World Social Protection Report.
    5. International Labor Organization (2017), World …Social Protection Report 2017-2019.
    6. World Bank (2015), Ending Hunger and Poverty by…2030: An Agenda for the Global Food System.
    7. African Development Bank (2018), Jobs for Youth in Africa: Improve the quality of life for people in Africa.
    8. The World Bank: World Development Indicators: School Enrollment, Secondary (%gross).
    9. Roger Thurow (2016), The First 1,000 Days: A Crucial Time for Mothers and Children—and the World.
    10. Felix Kwame Yeboah (March 2018), Youth for Growth: Transforming Economies through Agriculture, Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
    11. Alice Albright (April 15, 2014), “Disabled People in Developing Countries Are the Poorest of the Poor,” Global Partnership for Education.
    12. Joy Diaz (March 16, 2016), “Meet a Tractor That Can Plow Fields and Talk to the Cloud,” NPR.
    13. Kimberly Ann Elliott (June 26, 2017), Global Agriculture and the American Farmer, Center for Global Development.
    14. The World Bank: World Bank Assistance for Trade in Africa.
    15. The World Bank: Manufacturing Value Added (% of GDP).
    16. Vivien Foster and Cecilia Briceno-Garmendia (2010), Africa’s Infrastructure: A time for Transformation, The World Bank.
    17. Teresa Tritch (March 7, 2014), “F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage,” The New York Times.
    18. Federal Communications Commission (January 29, 2016), 2016 Broadband Progress Report.
    19. Joel Achenbach and Dan Keating (April 10, 2016), “A new divide in American death,” The Washington Post.
    20. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
    21. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey.
    22. United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation and Costs.
    23. Brynne Keith-Jennings and Vincent Palacios (May 10, 2017), SNAP Helps Millions of Low-Wage Workers, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
    24. David Cooper (June 15, 2018), On in nine U.S. workers are paid wages that can leave them in poverty, even when working full time, Economic Policy Institute.
    25. David Cooper and Teresa Kroeger (May 10, 2017), Employers steal billions from workers’ paychecks each year, Economic Policy Institute.
    26. Elise Gould (March 1, 2018), The State of American Wages 2017, Economic Policy Institute.
    27. Lawrence Mishel and Jessica Schieder (August 16, 2018), CEO Compensation Surged in 2017, Economic Policy Institute.
    28. Gene Sperling (2007), “Rising Tide Economics,” Democracy.
    29. Ambar Narayan et al. (2018), Fair Progress? Economic Mobility across Generations around the World, The World Bank Group.
    30. Dylan Matthews (March 21, 2018), “The massive new study on race and economic mobility in America, explained,” Vox.
    31. Raj Chetty et al. (2017), “The Fading American Dream: Trends in Absolute Income Mobility Since 1940,” Science 356 (6336): 398-406.
    32. National Low-Income Housing Coalition, Out of Reach 2017.
    33. Elise Gould (March 1, 2018), The State of American Wages 2017, Economic Policy Institute.
    34. Democracy Now! (April 13, 2018), Nearly 4 People Are Evicted Every Minute: New Project Tracks U.S. Eviction Epidemic & Effects.
    35. Ben Zipper (June 13, 2018), The erosion of the federal minimum wage has increased poverty, especially for black and Hispanic families,” Economic Policy Institute.
    36. Ben Zipper (June 13, 2018), The erosion of the federal minimum wage has increased poverty, especially for black and Hispanic families,” Economic Policy Institute.
    37. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor statistics (March 2018), Characteristics of minimum wage workers, 2017.
    38. David Cooper (April 2017), Raising the minimum wage to $15 by 2024 would lift wages for 41 million American workers, Economic Policy Institute.
    39. National Conference of State Legislatures: State Minimum Wages.
    40. National Low-Income Housing Coalition, Out of Reach 2017.
    41. Jordan Weissman (October 23, 2013), “Audio: McDonald’s Tells Its Employees to Sign Up for Food Stamps,” The Atlantic.
    42. Karen Weise (October 2, 2018), “Amazon to Raise Minimum Wage to $15 for all U.S. Workers,” The New York Times.
    43. Arloc Sherman (September 12, 2018) Census: Programs Eyed for Cuts keep Millions from Poverty, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
    44. Chuck Marr (August 1, 2014), Reagan’s Actions Made Him a True EITC Champion, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
    45. Chuck Marr et al. (October 1, 2015), EITC and Child Tax Credit Promote Work, Reduce Poverty, And Support Children’s Development, Research Finds, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
    46. Dylan Bellisle and David Marzahi (2015), Restructuring the EITC: A Credit for the Modern Worker, Center for Economic Progress.
    47. Robert Greenstein (February 20, 2013), Minimum Wage Proposal and Essential Step to Making Work Pay, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.

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Chapter 2: Nutrition

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    1. Jim Yong Kim (December 6, 2017), 27th Annual Martin J. Foreman Memorial Lecture, delivered at the International Food Policy Research Institute.
    2. Mark Tran (June 5, 2013), “Malnutrition identified as root cause of 3.1 million deaths among children,” The Guardian.
    3. Huizhong Wu (March 20, 2018), “Anemia doubles risk of deaths for pregnant women, study finds,” CNN.
    4. Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition (2017), Healthy diets for all: A key to meeting the SDGs.
    5. Black, RE et al. (2008), Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. The Lancet.
    6. World Health Organization. Nutrition—Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates 2019 Edition.
    7. https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/
    8. World Health Organization. Nutrition—Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates 2019 Edition.
    9. OECD/DAC, Statistical Annex of the 2007 Development Co-operation Report, December 2007. See Table 18.
    10. Save the Children UK (2012), A Life Free From Hunger: Tackling Child Malnutrition.
    11. USAID (2018), A Decade of Progress: Feed the Future Snapshot.
    12. Corinna Hawkes, Jody Harris, and Stuart Gillespie (2017), “Changing Diets: Urbanization and the Nutrition Transition,” Chapter 4 of Global Food Policy Report, International Food Policy Research Institute.
    13. Ibid.
    14. World Health Organization. Nutrition—Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates 2019 Edition.
    15. Collins et al. (2006), Management of severe acute malnutrition in children. The Lancet: 1992-2000.
    16. Ibid.
    17. Bhutta, Z. et al. (2013), Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? The Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review Group and the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group.
    18. Dr. Gareth Jones et al. (2003), “How Many Child Deaths Can We Prevent This Year?” The Lancet 362. Volume 362, Issue 9377.
    19. World Health Organization (February 7, 2018), Fact Sheet: Drinking-water.
    20. Meera Shekar et al. (2017), An Investment Framework for Nutrition: Reaching the Global Targets for Stunting, Anemia, Breastfeeding, and Wasting. World Bank Group.
    21. Boone and Johnson (2008), “Breaking Out of the Pocket: Do Health Interventions Work? Which and in What Sense?” in Easterly, What Works in Development? Thinking Big and Thinking Small, Brookings Institution.
    22. Ibid.
    23. Ibid.
    24. Gretchen A Stevens et. al. (2013), “Global, regional, and national trends in hemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data,” The Lancet Global Health, Volume 1, Issue 1 e16-e25. 2013.
    25. Ibid.
    26. JP Pena-Rosa et. al. (2015). Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12: CD004736.
    27. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (February 2012), Rural Women and the Millennium Development Goals.
    28. World Bank (2003), Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals.
    29. Jann Lay and Anne-Sophie Robilliard (2009), The Complementarity of MDG Achievements: The Case of Child Mortality in Sub Saharan Africa, Policy Research Working Paper Series 5062, World Bank.
    30. The World Bank: Prevalence of stunting, height for age (percentage of children under 5).
    31. Kathryn J. Edin and H. Luke Shaefer (2015), $2.00 Per Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America, Houghton Mifflin.
    32. Michelle Samuels Boston University School of Public Health (January 5, 2017), ‘It’s Hard to Say Whether It’s Better or Worse,” A Conversation with David Jones, Assistant Professor, Health Law, Policy and Management.
    33. Ellen B. Meacham (2018), Delta Epiphany: Robert F. Kennedy in Mississippi, University Press of Mississippi.
    34. Hilary W. Hoynes, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Douglas Almond (November 2012), Long-run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net, National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 18535.
    35. Danilo Trisi (September 14, 2018), Economic Security Programs Cut Poverty Nearly in Half Over Last 50 years, New Data Show, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
    36. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: Gross Domestic Product.
    37. Alicia Coleman-Jensen et al. (2018), Household Food Security in the United States in 2017, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    38. Karen Cunnyngham (July 2018), Trends in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation: Fiscal Year 2010 to Fiscal Year 2016, United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service.
    39. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities: Chart Book: SNAP Helps Struggling Families Put Food on the Table.
    40. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities: Policy Basics; The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
    41. Bread for the World Institute. 2008 Hunger Report: Working Harder for Working Families.
    42. Feeding America website: Why should you support Feeding America?
    43. Nancy S. Weinfeld et al. (August 2014), Hunger in America 2014: A national report prepared for Feeding America, Westat and Urban Institute.
    44. United States Department of Agriculture and United States Department of Health and Humn Services (February 2015), Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, Part D. Chapter 3: Individual Diet and Physical Activity Behavior Change, p. 2.
    45. RTI International (July 2014), Current and Prospective Scope of Hunger and Food Security in America: A Review of Current Research.
    46. Joyce A. Martin et al. (January 31, 2018), “Births: Final Data for 2016,” National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 64, Number 1, National Vital Statistics Reports, vol. 67, No. 1.
    47. The World Bank: Low-birthweight babies (%of births).
    48. RTI International (July 2014), Current and Prospective Scope of Hunger and Food Security in America: A Review of Current Research.
    49. Ibid.
    50. Alexia Fernandez Campbell (October 18, 2018), “Social Security, food stamps, and other programs kept 44 million people out of poverty last year,” Vox.
    51. Seth A Berkowitz, Hilary K Seligman, and Niteesh K. Choudhry (2014), “Treat or Eat: Food Insecurity, Cost-related Medication Underuse, and Unmet Needs,” The American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 127, No. 4. .
    52. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (December 2011), Health Care’s Blind Side: The Overlooked Connection Between Social Needs and Good Health.
    53. Randy Oostra (2014), A Case to End U.S. Hunger Using Collaboration to Improve Population Health, ProMedica.
    54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Social Determinants of Health: Frequently Asked Questions.
    55. Colorado Blueprint to End Hunger (January 19, 2018), “Seize the Opportunity: Colorado Blueprint to End Hunger.”
    56. Bread for the World Institute, 2016 Hunger Report: The Nourishing Effect: Ending Hunger, Improving Health, Reducing Inequality.
    57. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities: “Low-Income Children Participating in WIC Have Vaccination Rates Comparable to Higher-Income Children.”
    58. Marianne P. Bitler and Janet Currie (2005), “Does WIC Work? The Effect of WIC on Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Volume 24, Issue 1, pp. 73-91.
    59. Douglas Almond, Hilary W. Hoynes, and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach (May 2011), “Inside the War on Poverty: The Impact of Food Stamps on Birth Outcomes,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(2), pp. 387-403.
    60. Julie A Caswell and Ann L Yaktine, eds. (2013), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Examining the Evidence to Define Benefit Adequacy, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press.
    61. Ann M. Collins et al. (May 2016), Summer Electronic Benefits Transfer for Children (SEBTC) Demonstration: Summary Report, Abt Associates and Mathematic Policy Research, submitted to U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service.

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Chapter 3: Gender

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    1. Malala Yousafzai (July 12, 2013), address to United Nations Youth Assembly.
    2. Grow Africa (2016), Smallholder Working Group Briefing Paper—Women Smallholders.
    3. Landesa (February 22, 2016), “The Law of the Land: Women’s Rights to Land.”
    4. United States Agency for International Development: Land Links (December 1, 2016), Fact Sheet: Land Tenure and Women’s Empowerment.
    5. Black, RE et al. (2008), Maternal and child undernutrition global and regional exposures and health consequences. The Lancet.
    6. Lisa C. Smith and Lawrence Haddad (1999), Explaining Child Malnutrition in Developing Countries: A Cross-Country Analysis International Food Policy Research Institute.
    7. UNICEF (May 4, 2011), “UNICEF says education for women and girls a lifeline to development.”
    8. Sonali Jain-Chandra et. al. (May 2018), Gender Equality: Which Policies Have the Biggest Bang for the Buck? International Monetary Fund.
    9. McKinsey Global Institute (September 2015), The Power of Parity: How Advancing Women’s Equality Can Add $12 Trillion to Global Growth.
    10. United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service: Active McGovern-Dole Projects.
    11. United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service: The Global Effort to Reduce Child Hunger and Increase School Attendance, McGovern-Dole Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program, Report to the United States Congress, Fiscal Year 2015.
    12. United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service: The Global Effort to Reduce Child Hunger and Increase School Attendance, McGovern-Dole Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program, Report to the United States Congress, Fiscal Year 2015.
    13. UNESCO (2018), Global Education Monitoring Report Gender Review: Meeting our commitments to gender equality in education.
    14. UNESCO (2018), Global Education Monitoring Report Gender Review: Meeting our commitments to gender equality in education.
    15. Global Partnership for Education (September 24, 2018), 12 years to break down barriers to girls’ education.
    16. UN Women: Fast Facts: statistics on violence against women and girls.
    17. Girls Not Brides: Child Marriage Information Sheet.
    18. Quentin Woodon et al. (2017), The Economic Impacts of Child Marriage: Global Synthesis Report, The World Bank Group.
    19. UNESCO (2018), Global Education Monitoring Report Gender Review: Meeting our commitments to gender equality in education.
    20. Global Partnership for Education: Education costs per child.
    21. UNESCO (June 2017), Reducing global poverty through universal primary and secondary education, Policy Paper 32/Fact Sheet 44.
    22. Global Partnership for Education (July 11, 2018), Missed Opportunities: The High Cost of Not Educating Girls.
    23. U.S. Government (2016), The United States Global Strategy to Empower Adolescent Girls.
    24. Onize Ohikere (March 29, 2018), “A Smile in the Sorrow,” World Magazine.
    25. Onize Ohikere (March 29, 2018), “A Smile in the Sorrow,” World Magazine.
    26. Shirley Chisholm (1970), Unbought and Unbossed, Houghton Mifflin.
    27. Ariane Hegewisch and Emma Williams-Baron (April 9, 2018), The Gender Wage Gap by Occupation 2017 and by Race and Ethnicity, Institute for Women’s Policy Research.
    28. Elise Gould and Jessica Schieder (April 6, 2018), Equal Pay Day is a reminder that you can’t mansplain away the gender pay gap, Economic Policy Institute.
    29. Kevin Miller et al. (2018), The Simple Truth About the Gender Wage Gap, American Association of University Women.
    30. Kevin Miller et al. (2018), The Simple Truth About the Gender Wage Gap, American Association of University Women.
    31. Kevin Miller et al. (2018), The Simple Truth About the Gender Wage Gap, American Association of University Women.
    32. National Partnership for Women & Families (September 2018), America’s Women and the Wage GAP.
    33. Tom Ostapchuk (February 19, 2016), Breakdown of US High School Graduation Rates. Huffington Post.
    34. National Women’s Law Center (May 2017), Equal Pay for Mothers Is Critical for Families.
    35. National Women’s Law Center (May 2017), Equal Pay for Mothers Is Critical for Families.
    36. Jessica May et al. (April 5, 2017), The Impact of Equal Pay on Poverty and the Economy, Institute for Women’s Policy Research.
    37. Meika Berlan and Morgan Harwood (September 2018), National Snapshot: Poverty Among Women & Families, 2018, National Women’s Law Center.
    38. Meika Berlan and Morgan Harwood (September 2018), National Snapshot: Poverty Among Women & Families, 2018, National Women’s Law Center.
    39. Jessica May et al. (April 5, 2017), The Impact of Equal Pay on Poverty and the Economy, Institute for Women’s Policy Research.
    40. Stephen Campbell (September 6, 2017), U.S. Home Care Workers: Key Facts (2017), PHI.
    41. Restaurant Opportunities Centers United (2012), Tipped Over the Edge: Gender Inequity in the Restaurant Industry.
    42. Rutgers University: Center for American Women in Politics.
    43. Rutgers University: Center for American Women in Politics.
    44. Rutgers University: Center for American Women in Politics: Facts on Women in Politics.
    45. Claire Cain Miller (November 10, 2016), “Women Actually Do Govern Differently,” The New York Times.
    46. Heidi Hartmann (March 28, 2018), The Economic Status of Women in the U.S.: What Has Changed in the Last 20-40 Years, Institute for Women’s Policy Research.
    47. Sarah Kliff (March 8, 2017), “The research is clear: electing more women changes how government works,” Vox.
    48. Erin Loos Cutraro, “Get 250k Women to Run by 2030: Why Equal Representation in Government Matters,” LushUSA
    49. Jennifer L. Lawless and Richard L. Fox (May 2008), “Why Are Women Still Not Running for Public Office?” Issues in Governance Studies, Brookings Institution.
    50. Mary Ann Georgantopoulos (May 10, 2018), “Thai Candidate Became the First Woman to Use Campaign Funds to Pay for a babysitter,” BuzzFeed.
    51. Linda Kramer Jenning (July 31, 2018), “Women of Color Face Significant Barriers When Running for Office. But They’re Finding Support.” Yes Magazine.
    52. Rutgers University: Center for American Women in Politics
    53. Rutgers University: Center for American Women in Politics

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Chapter 4: Climate

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    1. USAID (2012), Building Resilience to Recurrent Crises.
    2. Food Security Information Network (2018), Global Report on Food Crises 2018
    3. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WHO, and WFP (2018), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018: Building Climate Resilience for Food Security and Nutrition.
    4. Matthew R. Smith and Samuel S. Myers (September 2018), “Impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global human nutrition,” Nature Climate Change, Vol. 8, 834-839.
    5. Simon J. Lloyd, R. Sari Kovats, and Zaid Chalabi (2011), “Climate, Crop Yields, and Undernutrition: Development of a Model to Quantify the Impact of Climate Scenarios on Child Undernutrition,” Environmental Health Perspectives 119(12).
    6. Lauren Markham (June 29, 2018), “A Warming World Creates Desperate People,” The New York Times.
    7. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WHO, and WFP (2018), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018: Building Climate Resilience for Food Security and Nutrition.
    8. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WHO, and WFP (2018), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018: Building Climate Resilience for Food Security and Nutrition.
    9. Food Security Information Network (2018), Global Report on Food Crises 2018
    10. Stephane Halegatte et al. (January 2016), Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change and Poverty, World Bank Group.
    11. United Nations (2010), The Right to Water, Fact Sheet No. 35.
    12. World Bank Group (2016), High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy.
    13. Matthias Garshagen et al. (November 2015), World Risk Report 2015, Alliance Development Works and United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security.
    14. Francesca de Chatel (2014), “The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syrian Uprising: Untangling the Triggers of the Revolution,” Middle Eastern Studies Vol. 50, No. 4.
    15. NASA: Global Climate Change: Vital Signs for the Planet: How Climate Is Changing.